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A
active management
Intel® Active Management Technology (Intel® AMT)
is a hardware-based management tool that provides remote access and management capability
for networked embedded systems.
alignment
PowerPC* instructions are all four bytes in size and must be aligned on four-byte
boundaries. Intel® architecture instructions vary in size and therefore do not
require alignment.
asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP)
AMP solutions partition hardware resources and run specific applications and operating
systems in each partition. AMP is a good choice for CPU-bound applications that
can be replicated across the cores without resource contention. Where applications
are not well suited for parallelization, AMP can be a viable solution that benefits
from the extra processing capabilities of Intel® multi-core processors.
Atom (Intel® Atom™ processors)
The Intel® Atom™ processor
is Intel's smallest processor, built with the world's smallest transistors and manufactured
on Intel's industry-leading 45nm Hi-k Metal Gate technology.
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B
bit fields
The order of bit fields in memory can be reversed between architectures. Refer to
the “Bit Fields and Bit Masks” section of the Endianness
white paper for more details.
byte order
Microprocessor architectures commonly use two different byte-ordering methods (little
endian and big endian) to store the individual bytes of multi-byte data formats
in memory. PowerPC is big endian and Intel architecture is little endian. Byte ordering
also affects structures and unions. Refer to the
endianness section of the
PowerPC* to Intel® Architecture Migration white paper
for more information.
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C
Calistoga
Intel’s former code name for the
Mobile Intel® 945GSE Express Chipset.
calling conventions
Arguments are passed in registers for PowerPC. For Intel architecture, arguments
are passed on the stack. Intel architecture has fewer registers than PowerPC, and
local variables may be stored on the stack as well.
Cantiga
Intel’s former code name for the
Mobile Intel® GM45, Intel® GS45,
and Intel® GL40 Express family of chipsets.
Celeron (Intel® Celeron® processors)
Intel® Celeron®
processors deliver exceptional value and reliability for basic computing
requirements.
commercial temperature
Intel® products designed to operate in the temperature range: 0 to +70 degrees C.
Celeron M (Intel® Celeron® M processors)
The Intel®
Celeron® M processors provide a balanced level of mobile-optimized processor
technology, good performance and exceptional value for basic computing requirements.
Core (Intel® Core™ microarchitecture)
Intel® Core™ microarchitecture
is the foundation for new Intel® architecture-based desktop, mobile, and mainstream
server multi-core processors.
Core 2 (Intel® Core™2 processors)
Intel® Core™2 processors include Intel’s 64-bit family of single core,
dual core (Core™2 Duo) and quad core (Core™2 Quad) processors based
on Intel® Core™ microarchitecture.
Core 2 Duo (Intel® Core™2 Duo processors)
Based on Intel® Core™ microarchitecture, the
Intel® Core™2 Duo processor family combines two independent processor
cores in one physical package. The processors run at the same frequency and share
up to 6 MB of L2 cache and up to 1333 MHz front side bus for truly parallel computing.
Core 2 Quad (Intel® Core™2 Quad processors)
Based on Intel® Core™ microarchitecture, the
Intel® Core™2 Quad processor family combines four processing cores,
up to 12 MB of shared L2 cache¹ and 1333 MHz front side bus to deliver amazing performance
and power efficiency.
CRB
See customer reference board.
customer reference board
This is a board designed for distribution to customers as a vehicle for
demonstrating a chip’s performance or suitability for a specific application.
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D
data type conversions
Intel architecture and PowerPC perform differently for some data type conversions,
such as converting floating-point type to integer data types.
Diamondville
Intel’s former code name for the
Intel® Atom™ Processor N270.
divide by zero
For integer divide-by-zero, PowerPC simply returns zero. On Intel architecture,
executing this operation is fatal. Code should always check the denominator for
zero before executing the divide operation. There is no difference in operation
between PowerPC and Intel architecture floating point divide-by-zero.
drivers and libraries
If a PowerPC driver or library comes from a third-party vendor, check with the vendor
for equivalent Intel architecture products. If the PowerPC driver is developed in-house,
the low level initialization will need to be updated for Intel architecture. Open
source versions of the driver may help guide the changes that are required.
Intel architecture chipset datasheets contain information about registers
that need to be programmed.
Intel® chipset drivers can be downloaded from the Intel Download Center. Navigate
to Chipsets, then choose Embedded Chipsets. Intel® Embedded Graphics Drivers
can be downloaded from Intel’s Embedded Graphics Drivers website.
See Embedded Graphics.
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E
Eaglelake
Intel’s former code name for the Intel® Q45 Express Chipset.
ECC
Error correcting code. An error detection and correction feature of certain DRAM memory.
EFI
See Extensible Firmware Interface.
e-Help
Online electronic help
is available for selected hardware platforms supported by Intel® Embedded Design
Center.
Embedded Alliance (Intel® Embedded Alliance)
The Intel® Embedded Alliance is an ecosystem that provides
a trusted supply line of Intel-based products and services, offering benefits such
as leading-edge products, design and development expertise and total lifecycle support
from worldwide support organizations. Formerly known as the Intel® Embedded and
Communications Alliance (Intel® ECA).
embedded graphics
Intel®
Embedded Graphics Drivers (IEGD) specifically target the needs of embedded
platform developers. With a flexible architecture, extending to the video BIOS,
and a new UEFI video driver, this driver set speeds time-to-market by enabling you
to customize configurations in-house.
embedded Menlow XL
The Intel® Atom™ processor Z5xx series is available in small form factor
(13x14mm package) and large form factor (22x22mm package) versions. The Intel®
System Controller Hub US15W is similarly available in small form factor (22x22mm
package) and large form factor (37.5x37.5mm package) versions. Embedded Menlow XL
(eMenlow XL) is the code name for the validated Intel platform that combines the
large form factor versions of the Intel Atom Processor Z5xx Series (formerly code-named
Silverthorne XL) and the Intel System Controller Hub (formerly code-named Poulsbo
XL).
embedded roadmap
The
embedded Intel roadmap
includes product platforms for embedded design that have long life support (7 yrs).
There are three main roadmap vectors: performance, scalability and low power.
eMenlow (embedded Menlow)
eMenlow is the former code name for validated Intel platform that combines the
Intel®
Atom Processor Z5xx Series
(formerly code-named Silverthorne) with the Intel® System Controller Hub (formerly
code-named Poulsbo).
endianness
Endianness
describes how multi-byte data is represented by a computer system and is dictated
by the CPU architecture of the system. See byte order.
EP (as in Nehalem-EP)
An Intel abbreviation for efficient performance.
EP80579 (Intel® EP80579 Integrated Processors)
Based on Intel® architecture, the
Intel® EP80579 Integrated Processor product
line
is the first in a series of breakthrough system on-a-chip (SOC) processors, delivering
excellent performance-per-watt for small form factor designs.
Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI)
Intel promotes Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) as a C language based modular
firmware alternative to traditional BIOS. The EFI specification defines a model
for the interface between operating systems and platform firmware. The interface
consists of data tables that contain platform-related information, plus boot and
runtime service calls that are available to the operating system and its loader.
Together, these provide a standard environment for booting an operating system and
running pre-boot applications. See Intel’s EFI website for more information
on the EFI specification.
The Unified EFI Forum (UEFI), was formed to manage and promote the EFI specification,
and EFI was renamed to UEFI. Visit the UEFI website for more information.
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F
FWH
See Intel® Firmware Hub.
Intel® firmware hub
The Intel® firmware hub Includes a 5-signal communication interface used to
control the operation of the device in a system environment. Buffers for this interface
are designed to be PCI-compliant.
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H
hardware platform
See platform.
HDMI
See high definition multimedia interface.
High definition multimedia interface
A digital interface for transmitting uncompressed video and audio data.
HT
See Hyper-Threading Technology.
Hyper-Threading Technology
Hyper-Threading Technology enables thread-level parallelism on each processor
resulting in more efficient use of processor resources–higher processing throughput–and
improved performance on today's multithreaded software. Hyper-Threading Technology
requires a computer system with an Intel® processor supporting Hyper-Threading
Technology and a Hyper-Threading Technology-enabled chipset, BIOS and operating
system.
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I
IEGD
See embedded graphics.
industrial (or extended) temperature
Intel® products designed to operate in the temperature range: -40 to +85 degrees C.
instructions
PowerPC and Intel architecture instructions differ. For some instructions there
is no one- to-one equivalent. Refer to the assembly code section of the
PowerPC*
to Intel® Architecture Migration white paper for the appropriate Intel®
Software Developer Manuals, instruction set information and tools that may assist
the assembly code migration.
Intel® Architecture Software Developer’s Manuals
The Intel® Architecture Software Developer’s Manual, Volume 1 describes the
basic architecture and programming environment of an Intel architecture processor.
The Intel® Architecture Software Developer’s Manual, Volume 2, describes the
instruction set of the processor and the opcode structure. These two volumes are
aimed at application programmers who are writing programs to run under existing
operating systems or executives. The Intel® Architecture Software Developer’s
Manual, Volume 3 describes the operating system support environment of an Intel
architecture processor, including memory management, protection, task management,
interrupt and exception handling, and system management mode. It also provides Intel
architecture processor compatibility information. This volume is aimed at operating-system
and BIOS designers and programmers.
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L
low power
Low power is an embedded Intel roadmap
vector that focuses on applications that have either tight thermal constraints or require
smaller form factors. These platforms are generally mobile PC class products (Mobile/Notebook/Netbook),
including the newest ultra low power Intel Atom processor family.
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M
Menlow
See eMenlow.
McCreary
Intel’s former code name for validated Intel platform that combines
Intel®
Core™2 Quad Processor Q9400 (formerly code-named Yorkfield) or Intel®
Core™2 Duo Processor E8400 (formerly code-named Wolfdale) with Intel®
Q45 Express Chipset (formerly code-named Eaglelake).
Montevina
Intel’s former code name for validated Intel platform that combines
Intel®
Core™2 Duo, Intel® Celeron® and Intel® Celeron® M processors
(formerly code-named Penryn family) with Mobile Intel® GM45, Intel® GS45,
and Intel® GL40 Express Chipset (formerly code-named Cantiga family).
Moore’s Law
First articulated by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore, Moore’s Law states that
the number of transistors on a chip will double about every two years.
motherboard
A printed circuit board (PCB) used to support and electrically interconnect electronic
devices such as the processor, chipset, memory, I/O devices, etc. In embedded computing
the motherboard is generally the primary PCB which may also include ancillary PCB’s
(daughter-boards, i.e. WIFI, mezzanines, etc.).
multi-core
Intel multi-core processors offer scalable parallel processing performance in space-
and power-efficient designs to help meet your embedded platform requirements. Several
factors will help determine which method is best for the multi-core migration. Factors
include the starting point (design) of the original source code, as well as migration
goals and constraints. Intel provides a set of software development products, training
and support to help migrate to and speed optimization of multi-core designs.
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N
Navy Pier
Intel’s former code name for validated Intel platform that combines
Intel®
Atom™ Processor N270 (formerly code-named Diamondville) and Mobile Intel®
945GSE Express Chipset (formerly code-named Calistoga).
Nehalem-EP
Intel’s former code name for the Intel® Xeon® Processor 5500 series.
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P
Penryn
Intel’s former code name for
Intel® Core™2 Duo T9400/SL9400/SU9300/SP9300,
Intel® Celeron® and Intel® Celeron® M ULV 722 processors
Pentium (Intel® Pentium® processors)
Intel® Pentium® processors
include a family of Intel® processors that delivers great performance, low power
enhancements and multitasking for everyday computing.
Pentium M (Intel® Pentium® M processors)
Intel® Pentium® M processors
are based on Intel's initial mobile processing technology designed specifically
for notebooks to deliver great mobile performance and low power enhancements.
performance
Performance is an embedded Intel roadmap
vector that supports processors and chipsets focused on high compute performance,
dual processor, data integrity features, large memory footprint and high I/O throughput.
It includes many of the enterprise and server platforms as well as mobile processors
paired with server class chipsets.
platform
A platform is a validated combination of an Intel® processor with an Intel®
chipset.
See EDC supported hardware platforms
Poulsbo
Intel’s former code name for the Intel® System Controller Hub.
processor number
Once you have decided on the processor brand family that is right for your design,
Intel processor numbers
allow you to quickly differentiate among processors within that product family.
The numbers are based on a variety of features that may include the processor's
underlying architecture, cache, front side bus (FSB), clock speed, power and other
Intel® technologies.
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Q
QuickAssist (Intel® QuickAssist Technology)
Intel® QuickAssist Technology
is a comprehensive initiative to optimize the use and deployment of accelerators
on Intel® architecture platforms. Also see Intel® EP80579
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R
Real-time operating system
An real-time operating system supports deterministic performance, which can be defined
as a guaranteed response within a set period of time. Real-time operating systems
are often used in embedded systems to achieve optimized performance, enabled by
low interrupt latency and rapid context switching.
Roadmap
See embedded roadmap.
RTOS
See real time operating system.
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S
scalability
Scalability is an embedded Intel roadmap
vector that focuses on applications that can benefit from the flexibility of using
multiple processors in a single board design. Products scale vertically to offer
multiple price and performance options and horizontally from one processor generation
to the next. These platforms are generally desktop PC class products.
Silverthorne
Intel’s former code name for the
Intel® Atom™ Processor Z5xx Series.
64-bit
Intel® 64 architecture delivers 64-bit computing on server, workstation, desktop
and mobile platforms when combined with supporting software. Intel 64 architecture
improves performance by allowing systems to address more than 4 GB of both virtual
and physical memory. Intel 64 provides support for 64-bit flat virtual address space,
64-bit pointers, 64-bit wide general purpose registers, 64-bit integer support
and up to one terabyte (TB) of platform address space.
SOC
Abbreviation for system-on-a-chip. See
Intel® EP80579 Integrated Processor.
software development tools
Understanding the needs and availability of tools for the new platform is important
when investigating the requirements of the port. Keep in mind that software development
tools, as with all software applications, have system requirements. The tool must
support the target processor and operating system. See the
Development Tools for
Embedded Intel® Architecture FAQ
for more information, or visit the
Intel® Software Development Products website for more details.
Step-by-Step
Step-by-Step
is a 4-step design guide on the Intel® Embedded Design Center (Intel® EDC)
that enables embedded developers to Explore, Evaluate, Design and Build embedded
applications.
symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
SMP operating systems treat all cores as equals and distribute the workload/processing
to the available cores. An SMP design is an efficient way to take advantage of multi-core
hardware. It can be written to scale performance automatically as the number of
processing cores increases. More operating systems are now providing SMP, including
embedded RTOSs, but SMP requires code to be architected to take advantage of parallelization
with multiple CPUs. For situations where applications are not well suited for parallelization,
asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP) could be a better solution to benefit from the
extra processing capabilities of multi-core hardware. RTOS vendors that provide
real-time SMP support for IA include:
system initialization firmware
Every embedded Intel architecture design must include a firmware stack that initializes
CPU cores, memory, IO, peripherals and often graphics. It may also include respective
diagnostic routines. In any case, the initialization gets the system to a point
where the operating system can load. PowerPC systems use home-grown boot loaders,
but achieving system initialization on Intel architecture is easy for situations
where developing a home-grown boot loader is less desirable. See the
Firmware and
BIOS for Embedded Intel® Architecture FAQ for more details.
structures and unions
The fields in a structure can be sensitive to the defined order. Structures must
either be properly ordered or directly accessed by the field name.
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T
TDP
See thermal design power.
thermal design power
The power dissipation target for thermal solution design, based on a realistic-worst
case application running at the maximum component temperature. Note: thermal design
power is not maximum power.
Tolapai
Former code name for the
Intel® EP80579 Integrated Processor,
a system-on-a-chip (SOC).
trusted execution (Intel® Trusted Execution Technology)
Intel® Trusted Execution
Technology (Intel® TXT), formerly code-named LaGrande Technology, is
a versatile set of hardware extensions to Intel® processors and chipsets that
enhance the digital office platform with security capabilities such as measured
launch and protected execution.
Tylersburg
Intel’s former code name for the Intel® 5520 Chipset.
Tylersburg-EP
Intel’s former code name for the platform based on the Intel® Xeon® Processor 5500 Series and the Intel® 5520 Chipset.
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U
UEFI
See EFI.
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V
vector oriented instructions
PowerPC uses AltiVec* instructions. Intel architecture uses streaming SIMD extensions
(SSE). Refer to the vector oriented code section of
PowerPC* to Intel® Architecture Migration
white paper for details about migrating AltiVec to SSE instructions.
virtualization
Providing hardware-based assistance for virtualization software,
Intel® Virtualization Technology (Intel® VT) enables multiple virtual
machines to run on a single system.
vPro (Intel® vPro™ technology)
Intel® vPro™ technology enables IT personnel to take advantage of hardware-assisted
security and manageability capabilities that enhance their ability to maintain, manage,
and protect computing systems.
VT
See virtualization.
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W
Wolfdale
Intel’s former code name for the
Intel® Core™2 Duo Processor E8400.
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Y
Yorkfield
Intel’s former code name for the
Intel® Core™2 Quad Processor Q9400.
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